Introduction
Respiratory disease will afflict every human being at some time in their life. Whether it’s a cough associated with the common cold or respiratory distress associated with allergies and asthma, respiratory challenges are a constant source of irritation and misery for the afflicted.
Classical Ayurvedic Medicine categorizes respiratory challenges into two main categories. These are Kasa (cough) and svasa (dyspnea/difficulty breathing). From an understanding of Ayurvedic knowledge, common conditions such as the common cold, asthma and bronchitis can be understood and managed. This article addresses the condition of kasa (cough).
Kasa (Cough)
In the West, coughs are understood to be the result of either infection or irritation of the bronchial tissue and are known as bronchitis. Infectious bronchitis commonly accompanies the common cold but may occur separately and may or may not be associated with fever. Coughs may be dry or productive. Irritative bronchitis is usually the result of pollutants, smoke, or chemicals. It may also have an allergic component.
Samprapti (Pathology)
Kasa occurs when apana vayu is obstructed resulting in an increase in upward motion. Vitiation of udana vayu propels the air upward and out of the body. Vata may however lodge in the chest, back, or head resulting in pain and repeated coughing.
All disease has its physical origins in the digestive system. This is the site of accumulation and aggravation of the doshas. Kasa begins with vitiation of apana vayu in the purishavaha srota (large intestine). Vata eventually overflows into circulation (raktavaha srota) and relocates to the prana vaha srota (respiratory system.) Additional doshas may mix with vata or become dominant in the pathology.
Purva Rupa (Prodromal Symptoms)
Coughs are often preceded by symptoms of the common cold such as a sore throat, and a decrease in appetite. Proper early management of the prodromal symptoms can prevent the onset of bronchitis.
Types of Kasa
Kasa (cough) is of five types; vata, pitta, kapha, ksataja, and ksaya. Those of a vata, pitta, and kapha nature represent different doshic manifestations of a cough. Ksataja type is due to chest injuries while ksaya type is due to disease that results in wasting of the bodily tissues such as tuberculosis.
Rupa (symptoms)
Coughs due to vitiation of vata are called “vataja kasa”. They present as a dry cough with little mucous production. While small amounts of hard mucous may occasionally accompany a cough, the condition is for the most part dry. Examination of the mucous reveals it to be gray in color and not unctuous. The cough may be accompanied by a loss of voice and severe chest pain. The frequency of the cough is episodic and may occur in fits.
Coughs due to pitta vitiation are called “pittaja kasa”. They present with a greater amount of mucous. Examination of the mucous reveals a yellow color and possible blood within the mucous giving it a “rusty” appearance. This latter appearance indicates that the infection has penetrated deeper in the respiratory system as is seen in pneumonia. Pittaja kasa is accompanied by fever. The cough is more continuous than that of vata type.
Coughs due to kapha vitiation are called “kaphaja kasa.” They present with the greatest amount of mucous. Examination of the mucous reveals a cloudy, white color and the mucous is thick and sticky. The condition is often accompanied by a runny nose, nausea, and vomiting. Actual pain in the chest and head is mild. Kaphaja kasa is not associated with fever. Coughing is continuous.
Comparative Rupa (symptomatology) of Vataja, Pittaja and Kaphaja Kasa
Vataja | Pittaja | Kaphaja |
Minimal mucous, hard mucous, grey in color | Moderate mucous, sticky, yellow in color | Large amounts of mucous, sticky, cloudy and white in color |
Coughs due to trauma, called “ksataja kasa,” reveal a combination of symptoms related to vata and pitta types. Sputum may be red, yellow or black indicating infection and bleeding. While the mucous is abundant, it is not unctuous. Fever is probable and there may be joint pains as well. Due to trauma, blood may simultaneously appear in the urine. Coughs due to trauma are described as resembling the cooing of a pigeon.
Coughs due to ksaya occur with wasting disease such as tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is called “rajayaksmadi” literally the “kind of diseases” in the Ayurvedic literature. The condition results in a drying up and loss of tissue (ksaya). While vata dosha plays the most important role in this condition, the condition is sannipatika in nature (due to the vitiation of all three doshas).
Chikitsa: Treatment and Management
The management of kasa (cough) requires an understanding of the state of the patients agni, ama, and ojas as well as an appreciation of the doshic pathology present. In addition to treatment at the site of relocation in the prana vaha srota (respiratory system), treatment should also be directed toward the mahavaha srota (digestive system) as this is the physical root of the condition and the raktavaha srota (circulatory system) as the pathway of overflow.
Management of Vataja Kasa
The management of vataja kasa, at the site of relocation focuses on the application of oils and heat to the prana vaha srota (respiratory system). Sesame oil massaged into the chest followed by fomentation is recommended. Fomentation may be performed simply using hot water bottles, a heating pad or locally applied steam as in nadi svedana. Popular cough relieving herbs from India include kantakari (solanum xanthocarpum; VK-P+) and vamsa rochana (bamboo manna; VP-K+). These are commonly used and may be prepared as ghrita (medicated ghee). Popular herbs used in the West include licorice (glycyrrhiza glabra; VP-K+) and wild cherry bark (prunus serotina; VP-K+).
Care of the digestive system requires dietary modification and the use of anuvasana basti (oil enema) or niruha basti (decoction enema). The diet, though nourishing should be taken in small quantities at first until the agni becomes strong. Nourishing soups are most beneficial. Patients should receive plenty of rest.
For vataja and pittaja kasa, the classical formulation of Sitopaladi Churna is commonly used. It may also be prepared in warm water or with honey. Sitopaladi Churna is a combination of many herbs and spices with vamsa rochana as the chief herb in the formulation.
Management of Pittaja Kasa
The management of pittaja kasa, at the site of relocation focuses on herbal therapies. Oil and heat are not recommended. Medicated ghrita (ghee) may be prepared with cough relieving, expectorant herbs such as vamsa rochana (bamboo manna; VP-K+) and vasaka (adhatoda vasica; PK-V+). Western herbal alternatives include licorice (VP-K+), mullein (verbascum thapsus; PK-V+) and wild cherry bark (prunus serotina; VP-K+). The classical Indian formulation of sitopaladi churna may also be used.
Virechana performed early in the condition is most beneficial to alleviate pitta at its root. The diet should emphasize a greater amount of the bitter taste as the bitter taste is cooling and purifies the rasa and rakta dhatu helping to destroy the infection. The diet should be light and consist of easy to digest foods until improvement is noted. Stronger antimicrobial bitter herbs may be given to accompany the cooling, cough reducing herbs. These include kutki (picrorhiza kurroa; PK- V+) and neem (azadirachta indica; PK-V+) as well as well as Western alternatives such as goldenseal (hydrastis canadensis; PK-V+) and echinacea (echinacea angustifolia, echinacea purpurea; PK-V+). Patients should receive plenty of rest.
Management of Kaphaja Kasa
In the management of kaphaja kasa, treatment focuses on strong purification and may include vamana, virechana and niruha basti. Nasya is also recommended to purify the nasal passages and sinuses. An important herb from India is kantakari (solanum xanthocarpum; VK-P+). Kantakari alleviates cough and is a bronchodilator. Kantakari is one of the herbs in the famous ten roots formulation, dashmool. Along with kantakari, additional herbs may be added to formulations such as vidanga (Embelia ribes; KV-P+) and doctorbush (Plumbago zeylanica; K-VP+). Dry, expectorant herbs may also be added to formulation or prepared for inhalation. Clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus) and bayberry (Myrica nagi, Myrica sapida, Myrica cerifera) are commonly prepared in cigarette form or simply burned and inhaled. Western herbs that are beneficial include elecampane (Inula helenium), eucalyptus (eucalyptus globulus) and black pepper (Piper nigrum).
The diet of patients with kaphaja kasa should be very light and patients may fast for several days according to their strength. The diet emphasizes the pungent taste to support drying the lung tissues. Patients who are not experiencing great fatigue should remain active but should not overly exert themselves.
Comparative Chikitsa (treatment) of Vataja, Pittaja and Kaphaja Kasa
Vataja Kasa: Palliation therapies plus warm or moist expectorant herbs: Kantakari, vasaka, licorice and wild cherry bark
Pittaja Kasa: Moderate purification plus cool expectorant herbs: Vamsa rochana, licorice, and mullein. Antimicrobial Herbs: Kutki, neem, echinacea, goldenseal.
Kaphaja Kasa: Strong purification plus dry or hot, expectorant herbs: bayberry, kantakari, clove, black pepper, elecampane and eucalyptus.
Managing coughs due to trauma requires referral to a medical specialist as the lung may be punctured. Until medical care can be administered, patients should take hemostatic herbs such as the Indian herbs manjistha and praval pishti or the Western herb comfrey. Patients should also stay well hydrated.
Coughs associated with wasting disease are difficult to treat and careful management is required. Weak patients usually require tonification to combat weight loss and increase strength. Medicated ghees with demulcent herbs such as bala rejuvenate the body and support repair of respiratory tissues. The dosage of the herbs is dependent upon the state of the patient’s agni. Anuvasana basti should also be administered to improve strength and can be prepared with nourishing herbs such as bala and ashwagandha in a sesame oil base. The diet should be nourishing. Meat and bone soups may be required to prevent continued weight loss. Vegetarian patients may object, however they are strongly recommended if the patient’s life is in danger. The quantity of food taken should be proportional to the body’s ability to digest it. Hence, dipanas to strengthen agni are required.
Sadhyasadhyata (Prognosis)
Doshic disturbances resulting in kasa are relatively easy to treat with vataja considered the easiest and kaphaja the most difficult. Those of mixed dosha pathology such as ksataja type are more difficult. Ksaya kasa is the most difficult of all. Ayurvedic texts state that kasa of any kind, if not treated properly can progress to ksaya type.